/* jaishankar.org | academic profile stylesheet */
:root{
  --navy:#0f2342; --ink:#1a2b45; --gold:#a8823f; --gold-2:#c9a868; --gold-soft:#f3ecdf;
  --paper:#fbf9f4; --white:#fff; --rule:#e4dccb; --text:#22262d; --muted:#5b6370;
  --link:#1f4f8a; --shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(15,35,66,.06),0 8px 24px rgba(15,35,66,.07);
  --serif:"EB Garamond","Iowan Old Style","Palatino Linotype",Palatino,Georgia,serif;
  --sans:"Source Sans 3","Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif;
  --w:1160px;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{scroll-behavior:smooth}
body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--text);font:17px/1.65 var(--sans);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}
a{color:var(--link);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px}
a:hover{color:var(--gold)}
h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--navy);font-weight:600;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 .5em}
h1{font-size:clamp(2.1rem,4.4vw,3.2rem);letter-spacing:-.01em}
h2{font-size:clamp(1.6rem,3vw,2.15rem)}
h3{font-size:1.3rem}
p{margin:0 0 1em}
cite{font-style:italic}
.wrap{max-width:var(--w);margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px}
.skip{position:absolute;left:-999px}.skip:focus{left:10px;top:10px;background:#fff;padding:8px;z-index:99}

/* top band + header */
.band{background:var(--navy);color:#cfd8e6;font-size:.82rem;letter-spacing:.02em}
.band .wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;padding-top:6px;padding-bottom:6px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.band a{color:#e9dcc0;text-decoration:none}.band a:hover{color:#fff}
.band .ids a{margin-left:14px}
.brand{text-decoration:none;color:var(--navy);display:flex;flex-direction:column;line-height:1.1}
.brand b{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.005em}


header.site{background:var(--white);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
header.site .wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;min-height:84px}
.brand span{font-size:.7rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.15em;color:var(--gold);margin-top:6px;font-weight:600}
.hdr-aff{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-end;font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--ink);font-size:1rem;line-height:1.45;text-align:right}
nav.main{background:var(--navy);position:sticky;top:0;z-index:50;box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(15,35,66,.15)}
nav.main ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:nowrap}
nav.main a{display:block;padding:13px 4px 11px;text-decoration:none;color:#e4eaf3;font-size:.93rem;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:600;border-bottom:2px solid transparent}
nav.main a:hover{color:var(--gold-2)}
nav.main a.on{border-bottom-color:var(--gold-2);color:#fff}
.menu-btn{display:none;background:none;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:8px 12px;font:600 .9rem var(--sans);color:var(--navy);cursor:pointer}
@media (max-width:1100px){nav.main a{font-size:.86rem;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px}.hdr-aff{font-size:.9rem}}
@media (max-width:960px){
  .hdr-aff{display:none}
  .menu-btn{display:block}
  nav.main{display:none;position:static}
  nav.main.open{display:block}
  nav.main ul{flex-direction:column;padding:6px 0 12px}
  nav.main a{padding:11px 0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1);font-size:.98rem}
  nav.main a.on{border-bottom-color:var(--gold-2)}
}

/* page head */
.pagehead{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0%,var(--paper) 100%);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:46px 0 34px}
.eyebrow{font-size:.78rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.18em;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;margin-bottom:10px}
.pagehead p.lead{max-width:780px;color:var(--muted);font-size:1.08rem;margin:0}
.crumbs{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:12px}.crumbs a{color:var(--muted)}
.tabs{display:flex;gap:8px;margin-top:20px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.tabs a{padding:6px 14px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:999px;text-decoration:none;font-size:.9rem;color:var(--ink);background:#fff}
.tabs a.on{background:var(--navy);border-color:var(--navy);color:#fff}

main section{padding:56px 0}
main section.tight{padding:36px 0}
.alt{background:var(--white);border-top:1px solid var(--rule);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
.sec-title{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;margin-bottom:22px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.sec-title h2{margin:0}
.sec-title h2:after{content:"";display:block;width:54px;height:2px;background:var(--gold);margin-top:10px}
.more{font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;font-size:.95rem}

/* hero */
.hero{background:var(--white);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:56px 0 50px}
.hero .wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.35fr .9fr;gap:54px;align-items:center}
.hero h1 small{display:block;font-size:.42em;font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold);margin-bottom:12px}
.hero .lead{font-size:1.12rem;color:#353b45}
.hero .roles{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:20px 0 26px;border-left:2px solid var(--gold);}
.hero .roles li{padding:4px 0 4px 16px;font-size:.98rem}
.hero .roles b{color:var(--navy)}
.portrait{position:relative;max-width:380px;justify-self:center}
.portrait:before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:18px -18px -18px 18px;border:2px solid var(--gold-2);border-radius:4px}
.portrait img{position:relative;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:var(--shadow);background:#111}
.btns{display:flex;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.btn{display:inline-block;padding:11px 20px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;font-size:.95rem;border:1px solid var(--navy)}
.btn.solid{background:var(--navy);color:#fff}.btn.solid:hover{background:var(--ink);color:#fff}
.btn.line{color:var(--navy);background:#fff}.btn.line:hover{border-color:var(--gold);color:var(--gold)}

/* metrics */
.metrics{background:var(--navy);color:#dfe6f0}
.metrics .wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:0}
.metric{padding:28px 22px;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);text-decoration:none;color:inherit;display:block}
.metric:first-child{border-left:0}
.metric:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.04);color:#fff}
.metric b{display:block;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:2.4rem;color:var(--gold-2);line-height:1;font-weight:600}
.metric span{display:block;margin-top:8px;font-size:.93rem;line-height:1.45}
.metric small{display:block;margin-top:6px;color:#9fb0c7;font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.04em}

/* cards */
.grid{display:grid;gap:22px}
.g2{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.g3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.g4{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}
.card{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:24px;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}
.card h3{margin-bottom:.35em}
.appt{display:flex;gap:18px;align-items:flex-start}
.appt img{width:64px;height:64px;object-fit:contain;flex:none}
.appt .r{font-weight:700;color:var(--navy);line-height:1.35}
.appt .u{font-size:.95rem}
.appt .o{font-size:.92rem;color:var(--muted)}
.appt .w{font-size:.8rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.1em;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;margin-top:6px}
.idea{border-top:3px solid var(--gold)}
.idea .yr{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:2rem;color:var(--gold);line-height:1}
.idea blockquote{margin:12px 0;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.15rem;font-style:italic;color:var(--ink)}

/* books */
.shelf{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,1fr);gap:20px}
.shelf a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--text);font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.35}
.shelf img{aspect-ratio:2/3;object-fit:cover;width:100%;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 2px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 10px 22px rgba(15,35,66,.16);margin-bottom:10px;transition:transform .2s}
.shelf a:hover img{transform:translateY(-4px)}
.book{display:grid;grid-template-columns:110px 1fr;gap:22px;padding:22px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
.book img{width:110px;box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(15,35,66,.18);border-radius:2px}
.book .ph{width:110px;aspect-ratio:2/3;background:var(--gold-soft);border:1px solid var(--rule);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--gold);text-align:center;padding:8px;font-size:.9rem}
.tag{display:inline-block;font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:700;color:var(--gold);margin-bottom:6px}

/* lists */
.refs{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;counter-reset:r}
.refs li{position:relative;padding:14px 0 14px 54px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);counter-increment:r}
.refs li:before{content:counter(r);position:absolute;left:0;top:14px;width:38px;text-align:right;font-family:var(--serif);color:var(--gold);font-size:1.05rem}
.refs.rev li:before{content:attr(data-n)}
.refs b.me{color:var(--navy)}
.links{display:inline-flex;gap:8px;margin-left:6px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.links a{font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:3px;padding:1px 7px;background:var(--gold-soft);color:var(--navy);white-space:nowrap}
.links a:hover{border-color:var(--gold)}
.note{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--muted)}
.plain{padding-left:1.1em}.plain li{margin:.35em 0}
.chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}
.chips li{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:999px;padding:6px 14px;font-size:.93rem}
.toc{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 18px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0;list-style:none;font-size:.95rem}
.count{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:600;margin-left:8px}

/* timeline */
.tl{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative}
.tl:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:31px;top:8px;bottom:8px;width:1px;background:var(--rule)}
.tl li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:64px 1fr;gap:22px;padding:14px 0;position:relative}
.tl .lg{width:64px;height:64px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:50%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;position:relative}
.tl .lg img{width:46px;height:46px;object-fit:contain}
.tl .lg i{width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--gold)}
.tl .w{font-size:.8rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.1em;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700}
.tl .r{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.22rem;color:var(--navy);font-weight:600;line-height:1.3}
.tl .o{color:var(--muted);font-size:.95rem}

/* tables */
.tbl{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fff;font-size:.95rem}
.tbl th,.tbl td{text-align:left;padding:12px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);vertical-align:top}
.tbl th{background:var(--gold-soft);color:var(--navy);font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase}
.tbl td.n{color:var(--gold);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.1rem;width:48px}
.tblwrap{overflow-x:auto;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px}

/* theory */
.def{background:var(--navy);color:#e8edf5;border-radius:6px;padding:28px 30px;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.35rem;line-height:1.45;margin:18px 0 22px}
.def small{display:block;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold-2);margin-bottom:10px}
ol.postulates{counter-reset:p;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}
ol.postulates li{counter-increment:p;position:relative;padding:16px 0 16px 64px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
ol.postulates li:before{content:counter(p);position:absolute;left:0;top:10px;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:50%;border:1px solid var(--gold);color:var(--gold);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.3rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}
.citebox{border-left:3px solid var(--gold);background:#fff;padding:14px 18px;font-size:.95rem;margin:18px 0}
.split{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1fr;gap:40px;align-items:start}

/* gallery */
.gallery{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px}
.gallery figure{margin:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden}
.gallery img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover}
.gallery figcaption{padding:10px 14px;font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted)}

/* founded */
.found{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}
.found img{height:64px;width:auto;object-fit:contain;align-self:flex-start}
.found .y{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--gold);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase}

/* filter */
.filter{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;margin:0 0 18px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.filter input{flex:1;min-width:220px;padding:11px 14px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;font:inherit;background:#fff}
.filter input:focus{outline:2px solid var(--gold-2);border-color:var(--gold)}
.hide{display:none!important}

/* profiles */
.profiles{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}
.profiles a{border:1px solid var(--rule);background:#fff;border-radius:4px;padding:8px 14px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--navy)}
.profiles a:hover{border-color:var(--gold);color:var(--gold)}

/* footer */
footer.site{background:var(--navy);color:#c4cfdf;margin-top:0;font-size:.93rem}
footer.site .wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.3fr 1fr 1fr;gap:36px;padding-top:48px;padding-bottom:30px}
footer.site h4{color:#fff;font-size:1.15rem;margin-bottom:12px}
footer.site a{color:#e9dcc0;text-decoration:none}footer.site a:hover{color:#fff}
footer.site ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}footer.site li{margin:5px 0}
.legal{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1);font-size:.82rem;color:#8fa0b8}
footer.site .legal .wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:18px;flex-wrap:wrap}

@media (max-width:960px){
  .hero .wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:40px}
  .portrait{max-width:300px;grid-row:1}
  .metrics .wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
  .metric:nth-child(3){border-left:0}
  .metric{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12)}
  .g3,.g4{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
  .shelf{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}
  .gallery{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
  .split{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  footer.site .wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
}
@media (max-width:620px){
  body{font-size:16px}
  .wrap{padding:0 16px}
  .band .ids{display:none}
  .brand b{font-size:1.4rem}.brand span{white-space:normal;font-size:.62rem;letter-spacing:.12em}
  header.site .wrap{min-height:68px}
  .g2,.g3,.g4{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .metrics .wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .metric{border-left:0}
  .shelf{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
  .gallery{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .book{grid-template-columns:80px 1fr;gap:16px}.book img,.book .ph{width:80px}
  .refs li{padding-left:40px}.refs li:before{width:28px}
  .tl li{grid-template-columns:48px 1fr;gap:14px}.tl:before{left:23px}
  .tl .lg{width:48px;height:48px}.tl .lg img{width:34px;height:34px}
  footer.site .wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  main section{padding:40px 0}
}
@media print{.band,header.site,footer.site,.filter,.tabs{display:none}body{background:#fff}}
@media (max-width:620px){
  .tbl thead{display:none}
  .tbl,.tbl tbody,.tbl tr,.tbl td{display:block;width:100%}
  .tbl tr{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:10px 4px}
  .tbl td{border:0;padding:4px 10px}
  .tbl td.n{width:auto}
}
/* gallery page */
.masonry{columns:3 300px;column-gap:16px}
.masonry figure{break-inside:avoid;margin:0 0 16px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden}
.masonry a{display:block;cursor:zoom-in}
.masonry img{width:100%;height:auto;transition:opacity .2s}
.masonry a:hover img{opacity:.88}
.masonry figcaption{padding:10px 14px;font-size:.86rem;color:var(--muted)}
.lb{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(8,16,30,.94);z-index:100;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:20px}
.lb[hidden]{display:none}
.lb figure{margin:0;max-width:min(1100px,92vw);text-align:center}
.lb img{max-height:80vh;width:auto;max-width:100%;margin:0 auto;border-radius:4px}
.lb figcaption{color:#dfe6f0;margin-top:12px;font-size:.95rem}
.lb button{position:absolute;background:none;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:2.6rem;cursor:pointer;padding:10px 16px;line-height:1}
.lb-x{top:10px;right:10px}.lb-p{left:6px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}.lb-n{right:6px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}
@media print{nav.main,.lb{display:none}}